Technology

Flare Network is a Layer 1 blockchain centered on data acquisition and cross-chain interoperability. Through its embedded oracle system, FTSO, and Data Connector, it allows smart contracts to securely access off-chain data and the state of other blockchains, expanding what DeFi and multichain applications can do. Its goal is to solve the data silo problem in the blockchain ecosystem and provide more general-purpose data infrastructure for Web3.

Tagger (TAG) is a blockchain-based decentralized data annotation network that uses crowdsourcing mechanisms, AI-assisted tools, and on-chain validation systems to produce and circulate high-quality data. As artificial intelligence drives explosive growth in demand for data, Tagger is being widely used in scenarios such as AI training data generation, data annotation, and data trading.

Tagger (TAG) is a Web3 infrastructure designed to build a decentralized AI data annotation and data trading network. By combining blockchain with crowdsourcing mechanisms, it integrates data collection, annotation, validation, and circulation into a unified process. As artificial intelligence drives explosive growth in demand for high-quality data, Tagger is being widely used in scenarios such as AI training data, data crowdsourcing, and data marketplaces.

Storj is a decentralized cloud storage platform built on a distributed node network, providing S3-compatible object storage, data sharding encryption, and erasure code redundancy. By integrating acquisition and product upgrade updates from 2025–2026, this report systematically analyzes its network architecture, performance and security characteristics, management mechanisms, and future optimization strategies.

Arweave is a decentralized storage protocol designed for permanent data storage. Through its unique data structure and economic model, it allows users to pay once and preserve data over the long term. As demand for Web3 and on chain data continues to grow, Arweave is widely used in NFT storage, decentralized websites, data archiving, and other scenarios.

Arweave (AR) is a blockchain network designed for permanent data storage. Through a one time payment model, it allows data to be preserved on-chain over the long term. As Web3 applications continue to develop, decentralized storage has become a key layer of infrastructure, and Arweave is widely used for NFT metadata, historical archives, decentralized websites, and similar scenarios.

The technical core behind Somnia’s million-scale TPS lies in its low-level reconstruction of the EVM stack, mainly through the IceDB storage engine and its parallel execution engine. IceDB is a custom database built specifically for blockchain systems. By optimizing the Sparse Merkle Tree, or SMT, structure and reducing disk I/O friction, it directly addresses the read and write bottlenecks that traditional databases, such as LevelDB, face when handling massive state data. Combined with Somnia’s multithreaded parallel execution engine, transactions that do not interfere with one another can be distributed across multiple CPU cores and processed simultaneously.

IOTA and IoTeX are both decentralized infrastructure projects built for the Internet of Things (IoT). They aim to address security, privacy, and efficiency challenges between IoT devices. IOTA uses the Tangle architecture to provide an efficient, feeless transaction system, while IoTeX uses a hybrid consensus mechanism and privacy preserving technologies to build a more flexible and scalable IoT ecosystem.

IOTA Tangle is a decentralized technology based on a directed acyclic graph (DAG). It moves beyond the architectural limits of traditional blockchains and provides a feeless, highly scalable transaction solution. The IOTA Tangle system is especially well suited to Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, enabling devices to exchange data and carry out transactions efficiently and securely. Compared with traditional blockchains, Tangle offers higher speed and stronger scalability, supporting large scale, high frequency transactions without transaction fees.

IOTA is an open, low cost, and scalable distributed ledger built specifically for Internet of Things (IoT) use cases. It is designed to support frictionless transfers of data and value. Unlike traditional blockchains, IOTA uses the Tangle system, a blockless architecture that enables efficient, feeless transactions. Its protocol provides strong interoperability and security among IoT devices, helping drive innovation across the IoT industry.

As AI-generated content evolves at a rapid pace, verifying the authenticity of images has become a key concern. ZCAM uses cryptographic technology to establish verifiable records for photos and videos, providing a novel approach to address this issue.

Enso and Socket both belong to the multi-chain infrastructure sector, but they serve different layers. Socket mainly provides cross chain connectivity, helping assets and data move between different blockchains. Enso focuses on the execution layer, using an Intent execution mechanism to integrate cross chain actions, swaps, and protocol interactions into automated execution flows. Put simply, Socket solves the question of “how to connect across chains,” while Enso solves “how to automatically complete operations after crossing chains.”

Enso (ENSO) uses an Intent Execution Mechanism to help users and developers automatically combine complex DeFi operations into a single transaction execution. Users only need to express their goal, such as making a cross-chain transfer or depositing assets into a yield pool. Enso then automatically handles path planning, protocol routing, and on-chain interactions. Compared with traditional transaction aggregators, Enso not only optimizes trading routes, but can also handle cross-chain execution and multi protocol interactions, reducing development complexity and improving the user experience.

Enso (ENSO) is a cross-chain Intent network focused on DeFi Execution Infrastructure. It is designed to help developers simplify complex on-chain operations into a single transaction execution. By providing automated routing, c execution, liquidity aggregation, and transaction abstraction, Enso enables wallets, DEXs, lending protocols, and yield aggregators to integrate DeFi features more efficiently. Compared with traditional aggregators, Enso functions more like an “execution layer” that connects multi-chain DeFi protocols, helping projects reduce development complexity and improve the user experience.

Irys is a blockchain infrastructure designed for decentralized data storage and a Verifiable Data Layer. Its core idea is that data should not only be stored, but also verified and used in on-chain computation. As Web3 applications demand higher levels of data trustworthiness and availability, this kind of architecture is becoming an important direction for data infrastructure.