Ethereum

Impermanent loss is a form of asset value divergence that Uniswap liquidity providers, or LPs, may face when supplying liquidity. When the prices of assets in a liquidity pool change, the actual value of an LP’s holdings may become lower than if they had simply held the assets. This loss mainly comes from the AMM mechanism and the changing ratio of assets in the pool. The greater the price movement, the more noticeable impermanent loss usually becomes. Although LPs can earn trading fees, fee income may not fully offset potential losses in highly volatile markets.

X Layer is a Layer2 network launched by OKX to improve blockchain transaction efficiency, reduce on-chain costs, and expand the Web3 application ecosystem. Built on Polygon CDK and compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), it allows developers to migrate or deploy on-chain applications more easily. At the same time, OKB is gradually taking on a role in ecosystem coordination and on-chain application connectivity within the X Layer ecosystem.

OKB, BNB, and GT are all exchange tokens issued by cryptocurrency trading platforms, so users often compare them side by side. Although all three offer functions such as trading fee discounts, ecosystem incentives, and platform benefits, they differ significantly in their on-chain ecosystems, tokenomics, burn mechanisms, and broader platform strategies. BNB places greater emphasis on public chain and multichain ecosystem expansion; OKB focuses more on coordination between the trading platform and Web3 infrastructure; and GT develops around the trading platform ecosystem, on-chain assets, and the GateChain network.

Starknet’s core goal is to improve on-chain transaction processing efficiency without compromising Ethereum’s security. It uses Zero Knowledge Proof technology to execute a large number of transactions on Layer2, then submits the proof results back to the Ethereum mainnet for verification, reducing the burden on the main chain.

Starknet (STRK) is a Layer2 scaling network built on Ethereum. It mainly uses ZK Rollup, or zero knowledge Rollup, technology to improve transaction processing efficiency and reduce gas costs on the mainnet. Unlike executing every transaction directly on Ethereum’s main chain, Starknet first completes large amounts of transaction computation on Layer2, then submits the results back to Ethereum for verification through zero knowledge proofs.

Starknet is a Layer2 scaling network built on Ethereum. Its core goal is to increase blockchain transaction throughput and lower usage costs while inheriting Ethereum’s security. As the Ethereum mainnet has increasingly faced higher gas fees and network congestion, more Layer2 networks have begun exploring different technical approaches to the scaling problem. Starknet is one of the most representative ZK Rollup networks among them.

Order book DEXs and AMMs are both widely used for on-chain asset trading, but they differ clearly in how prices are formed, how liquidity is structured, and how trades are executed. An order book DEX matches trades through buy and sell orders placed by users, while an AMM relies on liquidity pools and algorithms for automatic pricing.

dYdX (DYDX) is a decentralized derivatives protocol focused on perpetual contract trading. Through an independent appchain built on the Cosmos SDK, it provides users with a non-custodial, high-performance on-chain trading experience. Unlike traditional AMM-based DEXs, dYdX uses an order book model and off-chain matching mechanism, making it better suited to high-frequency trading and professional derivatives markets.

dYdX and Hyperliquid are both order book-based DEXs focused on on-chain perpetual futures trading, so they are often compared with each other. Although both emphasize a high-performance trading experience and low-latency matching, they differ significantly in their underlying chain structure, degree of decentralization, liquidity sources, and governance models. dYdX uses an appchain architecture built on the Cosmos SDK and secures its network through PoS validator nodes, while the DYDX token is used for both governance and staking. Hyperliquid, by contrast, uses a self-developed high-performance chain structure and places greater emphasis on ultra-low-latency trading and a unified liquidity experience.

Pendle (PENDLE) is a DeFi protocol focused on yield tokenization. By splitting yield-generating assets into Principal Tokens (PT) and Yield Tokens (YT), it enables users to trade principal and future yield separately. Through this mechanism, Pendle introduces fixed income opportunities, yield speculation, and interest rate risk management tools to DeFi. Its purpose-built time-decay AMM further establishes an on-chain interest rate market, positioning Pendle as key infrastructure in the DeFi fixed income space.

Gas Abstraction is an infrastructure mechanism designed to reduce the complexity of blockchain interactions. Its core goal is to allow users to complete transactions without directly managing on-chain gas payments. Through designs such as Open Gas, Account Abstraction, and realtime blockspace coordination, ETHGas attempts to create a more seamless Ethereum interaction experience. Compared with the traditional Ethereum Gas model, Gas Abstraction places greater emphasis on application-layer sponsorship, unified fee management, and realtime transaction execution. It is also regarded as one of the key infrastructure directions for the next generation of on-chain user experience.

ETHGas’s Pre-confirmation mechanism is an infrastructure design intended to improve Ethereum realtime transaction efficiency by allowing transactions to receive early execution confirmation before they are formally written into a block. Compared with the traditional Ethereum model, which relies only on final on-chain confirmation, Pre-confirmation can reduce transaction waiting time and improve the realtime nature of on-chain interactions. ETHGas combines Pre-confirmation with blockspace markets, Builder coordination, and realtime execution mechanisms to explore a new transaction execution structure under the direction of “Realtime Ethereum.”

ETHGas (GWEI) is an infrastructure protocol built around Ethereum Realtime Blockspace. It aims to improve on-chain transaction efficiency and lower the barrier to entry for users through Pre-confirmation, Gas abstraction, and blockspace market mechanisms. As transaction demand on the Ethereum network continues to grow, ETHGas seeks to optimize Ethereum’s execution efficiency and interaction experience through realtime block resource scheduling and future blockspace trading. Concepts such as Realtime Ethereum, Open Gas, and Blockspace Market are also becoming new directions in the development of on-chain infrastructure.

ETHGas and the traditional Ethereum Gas Market both manage blockchain transaction resources, but differ significantly in blockspace allocation, gas pricing, and confirmation logic. Learn how ETHGas compares with Ethereum’s traditional gas market model.

The TAC token is the native asset of the TAC network. It is mainly used for EVM gas payments, validator staking, governance participation, ecosystem incentives, and economic settlement in cross-chain execution.